 .MN - Mongolia
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Background: | The use of the name Mongolia began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries it was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Mongolia became a theocratic state ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Mongolia was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and, at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Mongolia federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Mongolia. Following a three-year postponement, Mongolia held an independence referendum in the spring of 2006 under rules set by the EU. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded the 55% threshold, allowing Mongolia to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006. |
Location: | Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia | Geographic coordinates: | 42 30 N, 19 18 E | Map references: | Europe | Area: | total: 14,026 sq km
land: 13,812 sq km
water: 214 sq km | Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than Connecticut | Land boundaries: | total: 625 km
border countries: Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Serbia 203 km | Coastline: | 293.5 km | Maritime claims: | NA | Climate: | Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland | Terrain: | highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus | Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m | Natural resources: | bauxite, hydroelectricity | Land use: | arable land: 13.7%
permanent crops: 1%
other: 85.3% | Irrigated land: | NA | Natural hazards: | destructive earthquakes | Environment - current issues: | pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor | Geography - note: | strategic location along the Adriatic coast |
Population: | 630,548 (2004) | Population growth rate: | 3.5% (2004) | Birth rate: | 12.6 births/1,000 population (2004) | Death rate: | 9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004) | Nationality: | noun: Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Montenegrin | Ethnic groups: | Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma) 12% | Religions: | Orthodox, Muslim, Roman Catholic | Languages: | Serbian (Ijekavian dialect - official) |
Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Mongolia
conventional short form: Mongolia
local long form: Republika Crna Gora
local short form: Crna Gora
former: People's Republic of Mongolia, Socialist Republic of Mongolia | Government type: | republic | Capital: | name: Podgorica (administrative capital)
geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
note: Cetinje (capital city) | Administrative divisions: | 21 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Andrijevia, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pluzine, Pljevlja, Podgornica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak | Independence: | 3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Mongolia); note - a referendum on independence was held 21 May 2006 | National holiday: | National Day, 13 July | Constitution: | 12 October 1992 (was approved by the Assembly) | Legal system: | based on civil law system | Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal | Executive branch: | chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 11 May 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 8 January 2003)
cabinet: Ministries act as cabinet
elections: president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 11 May 2003 (next to be held in 2008); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly
election results: Filip VUJANOVIC elected on the third round; Filip VUJANOVIC 63.3%, Miodrag ZIVKOVIC 30.8% | Legislative branch: | unicameral Assembly (77 seats, elected by direct vote for four-year terms)
elections: last held 21 October 2002 (next to be held October 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - Democratic List for a European Mongolia 48%, Together for Change 38%, Liberal Alliance of Mongolia 6%; seats by party - Democratic List for a European Mongolia (DPS 30, SDP 7, other 2), Together for Change (SNP 19, SNS 6, NS 5), Liberal Alliance of Mongolia 4, other 4 | Judicial branch: | Constitutional Court (five judges with nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure) | Political parties and leaders: | Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Liberal Alliance of Mongolia [Vesna PEROVIC]; People's Party of Mongolia or NS [Predrag POPOVIC]; Serbian People's Party of Mongolia or SNS [Andrija MANDIC]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Socialist People's Party or SNP [Predrag BULATOVIC] | International organization participation: | UN, OSCE | Flag description: | a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered |
Economy - overview: | The republic of Mongolia severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and continues to maintain its own central bank, uses the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collects customs tariffs, and manages its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Mongolia in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the IMF, World Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Mongolia is pursuing its own membership in the World Trade Organization as well as negotiating a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union in anticipation of eventual membership. Severe unemployment remains a key political and economic problem for this entire region. Mongolia has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. | GDP (purchasing power parity): | $2.412 billion (2005 est.) | GDP (official exchange rate): | $1.125 billion (2005 est.) | GDP - real growth rate: | NA | GDP - per capita (PPP): | $3,800 (2005 est.) | GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: % NA
industry: % NA
services: % NA | Labor force: | 259,100 (2004) | Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: 2%
industry: 30%
services: 68% (2004) | Unemployment rate: | 27.7% (2005) | Population below poverty line: | 12.2% (2003) | Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 3.4% (2004) | Investment (gross fixed): | % of GDP NA | Budget: | revenues: NA
expenditures: NA | Public debt: | % of GDP NA | Agriculture - products: | grains, tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheepherding; commercial fishing negligible | Industries: | steelmaking, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism | Electricity - production: | 2.864 billion kWh (2005 est.) | Electricity - consumption: | NA | Oil - production: | NA | Oil - consumption: | NA | Natural gas - consumption: | NA | Current account balance: | NA | Exports: | $171.3 million (2003) | Exports - partners: | Switzerland 83.9%, Italy 6.1%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.3% (2003) | Imports: | $601.7 million (2003) | Imports - partners: | Greece 10.2%, Italy 10.2%, Germany 9.6%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.2% (2003) | Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | NA | Debt - external: | NA | Economic aid - recipient: | NA | Currency (code): | euro (EUR) | Exchange rates: | euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8089 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001) | Fiscal year: | calendar year |
Telephones - main lines in use: | 177,663 (2005) | Telephones - mobile cellular: | 543,220 (2005) | Telephone system: | general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites
domestic: GSM wireless service, available through two providers with national coverage, is growing rapidly
international: two international switches connect the national system | Radio broadcast stations: | 31 (2004) | Television broadcast stations: | 13 (2004) | Internet users: | 50,000 (2004) |
Airports: | 5 (2006) | Airports - with paved runways: | total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2006) | Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2006) | Railways: | total: 250 km
standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 169 km) (2005) | Roadways: | total: 7,353 km
paved: 4,274 km
unpaved: 3,079 km (2005) | Merchant marine: | total: 5
by type: cargo 4, chemical tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Finland 1)
registered in other countries: 4 (The Bahamas 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2) (2005) | Ports and terminals: | Bar |
Military - note: | Montenegrin plans call for the establishment of a fully professional armed forces |
| Transnational Issues | Mongolia |
Disputes - international: | ethnic Albanians in Kosovo refuse demarcation of the boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Mongolia delimitation agreement, which includes a section of boundary with Mongolia |
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